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cytoplasmic incompatibility
Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is a phenomenon that results in sperm and eggs being unable to form viable offspring. The effect arises from changes in the gamete cells caused by intracellular parasites like ''Wolbachia'', which infect a wide range of insect species. As the reproductive incompatibility is caused by bacteria that reside in the cytoplasm of the host cells, it is referred to as cytoplasmic incompatibility. In 1971, Janice Yen and A. Ralph Barr of UCLA demonstrated the etiologic relationship of ''Wolbachia'' infection and cytoplasmic incompatibility in ''Culex'' mosquitos when they found that eggs were killed when the sperm of ''Wolbachia''-infected males fertilized infection-free eggs.
== Symptoms ==
CI occurs when a ''Wolbachia'' infected male mates with a female that is infected by another ''Wolbachia'' strain (bidirectional CI) or is uninfected (unidirectional CI).
Any other combination of un-/infected male/female crosses are compatible. An infected female is compatible with any infected or uninfected male of the same ''Wolbachia'' strain. On the other hand an uninfected female is only compatible with an uninfected male. In other words, if the male is infected by a CI-inducing strain of ''Wolbachia'' that is non-existent in its mate, it is an incompatible cross.〔 Hosts can be cured from ''Wolbachia'' infection by antibiotic use.
In diploid organisms CI leads to embryonic mortality. In contrast, CI in haplodiploid hosts may lead to haploid (and thus male) offspring. The closely related species of the wasp ''Nasonia'' show embryonic mortality as well as male development among incompatible crosses. In ''N. vitripennis'', however, the vast majority of the CI embryos are converted into males.〔Tram, U, Fredrick, K, Werren, J, Sullivan, W (2006). "Paternal chromosome segregation during the first mitotic division determines ''Wolbachia''-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility phenotype", ''J. Cell Sci.'' 119, 10.1242/jcs.03095. http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/119/17/3655〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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